Left: Map of Lamar Valley region of Yellowstone National Park
Day 1 - Sunday, March 17, 2002
Cooke City, Montana Elevation 7,300 feet
Weather: Near zero morning temperatures and snow-laden
cloud cover.
6:00 AM: Led by Nancy Gibson, International
Wolf Center board member and naturalist, eight members of
the Center's wolf observation party loaded up their gear along
with a day's supply of trail mix and high expectations and
headed into Yellowstone National Park. The plan for the day
called for meeting naturalist and wolf field research specialist,
Rick McIntyre. Accomplished wildlife photographer and author,
Rick has logged countless hours observing and tracking the
actions of Yellowstone's wolves.
Within minutes, the party paused to watch a variety of wildlife foraging
through the deep snow of the Lamar Valley, including bison,
mountain sheep and, rare to the north side of the park, a
cow moose. By 6:45, however, the party had their spotting
scopes and camera lenses focused on the alpha male and female
of the Druid Pack. Along with two yearlings, the wolves were
moving just within the tree line on the north slope of the
Lamar Valley. Their route took them within yards of two bison
that held their ground as the wolves passed by, apparently
with no interest. (Bison, especially healthy bulls, are rare
targets of wolf predation.)
By 7:10 this four-member subset of the main Druid
pack had bedded down in the snow pack on the exposed
north slope of the valley. As Rick McIntyre explained, the
radio collared female, Wolf # 42, is pregnant with a litter
of pups expected the first week of April. After a brief chorus
of howls, the four wolves were up and moving again by 9:30AM.
 They
headed up the slope to the sparsely wooded ridgeline, drawing
the fixed attention of a bull elk that stopped and pensively
monitored the wolves' movements. Having now joined the party
of observers, distinguished wolf biologist and International
Wolf Center founder, Dave Mech, discussed some emerging theories
of the forces that regulate the relationships of wolves and
elk, relationships that have evolved over the thousands of
years that the two have coexisted. Mech explained how difficult
and dangerous it is for wolves to attack and kill large prey
animals. Wolves will, therefore, endeavor to select prey that
is compromised by age or weakened physical condition. How
this weakness is advertised to the wolves is a subject of
current investigation by biologists. Much work will be required
to discover the mechanisms by which wolves select specific
prey animals. Yellowstone, with its open Serengeti-like vistas,
its abundant prey and its thriving wolf population is a living
laboratory for this kind of research.
As it happens, in this instance the four wolves
of the Druid pack passed up the elk on the ridgeline without
incident. They bedded down again for the better part of the
day but remained in view. In the hours just before sunset,
they again got on the move, passing within 200 yards of the
party of Wolf Center observers, before disappearing into the
twilight. The Wolf Center observers were very encouraged by
the day's activity and the start of their week in Yellowstone
National Park.
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Day 2 - Monday, March 18, 2002
Cooke City, Montana Elevation 7,300 feet
Weather: Minus one with broken cloud cover in the east, clearing
to the west.
5:50AM Trip leaders Nancy Gibson and Dave Mech
led the International Wolf Center party back into the Yellowstone
National Park, relocating to the Yellowstone Institute's educational
facility in the Lamar Valley. After pausing briefly to observe
a cow moose foraging through deep snow at Silver Lake, the
team leaders received radio report about the four members
of the Druid Pack involved in what appeared to stalking behavior,
typically associated with a potential chase. The party proceeded
to an observation point two miles east of Slough Creek and
found the four Druids settled on a snow-covered knob before
a thick stand of Douglas fir. From their vantage point an
estimated ¾ of a mile away, the party observed a small herd
of elk gathered just below the knob about 150 yards west of
the wolves. Standing in a tight grouping, with their attention
focused on the wolves just above them, the elk appeared restless,
neither grazing nor bedding down. About the same distance
to the east, five coyotes sat exposed on an open bench in
full view of the wolves and set up a chorus of high-pitched
vocalizing.
Four days earlier on March 14, the two Alpha
wolves (#21 & #42) of the Druid pack and two of their yearlings,
left the rest of the pack at Hellroaring in the western end
of the Lamar Valley. They headed east to the vicinity of the
den site, a distance of some 20 miles by air. (Pups are expected
the first week of April.) The foursome appeared to have reversed
course.
The situation now seemed ripe for a predation attempt
by the wolves on the nearby elk herd. However, after
two hours of inconsistent behavior, alternately bedding down,
howling and rolling in the snow, the wolves left the elk herd
behind them and continued heading west, out of sight.
The Wolf Center observers climbed in to the
top of a rise on Slough Creek Flats, affectionately known
as Dave's Hill in honor of our Fearless Leader. The radio
signal signature of wolf #105 indicated the five-year-old
female was somewhere before them on the north face of Specimen
Ridge. 105 is a daughter of the Druid alphas. Having matured
and left the pack, she had recently returned to their territory
and been observed paired with a number of different males,
without sustaining a bond with any of them. As April denning
season approaches, field observers are monitoring her activity
carefully. At 9:10 AM, visual confirmation of her radio signal
was made from the hilltop, and once again, she appeared to
be traveling alone. Glassing the area to the west, elk were
observed bedded in the open, taking advantage of a full sun
that warmed temperatures into the 20s, while a pair of bison
foraged in the creek bottom below. Separate sightings of both
bald and golden eagles were confirmed.
5:15PM The Druid foursome reappeared now farther
west, having crossed the Lamar River and settled in near an
apparent kill site just beyond Slough Creek Flats. The presence
of ravens and magpies, along with several coyotes keeping
a healthy distance from the wolves, backed up the impression
of their hunting success, but the distance from the observation
point did not allow a confirmation to be made.
5:40PM Nine members of the Druid pack were observed
surrounding an elk in the lower Hellroaring area. These nine
wolves were part of the group of 11 that the alphas of the
Druid pack left behind when they left for the den site. They
are a mix of 23-month-old yearlings and 11-month-old pups.
The elk held its ground giving no impression of vulnerability.
By 5:58 the young wolves abandoned the effort.
6:15PM Researchers examined the head of a femur
joint and marrow sample taken from a wolf-killed bison.
Party member and orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Lewis "Pete" Nettrour
conferred with Dave Mech and field researcher Erin Cleere,
and found the joint free of any arthritic deterioration. Dr.
Mech observed the fat reserves in the bone marrow, however,
were depleted. Fat reserves in ungulate bone marrow constitute
only 2 to 3 percent of the overall body fat the animals carry
in reserve throughout the winter. Bone marrow fat is tapped
only after the fat accumulated around internal organs and
the haunches is completely exhausted. Consequently, it was
concluded that this bison had been on its last legs when it
fell prey to the wolves. Park predation surveys indicate bison
rarely fall to wolves, in comparison with elk. Field observations
assert that adult wolves rarely even bother to test bison
vulnerability. This weakened animal fell to the young inexperienced
members of the Druid pack that had been left without senior
supervision of their alpha leaders on the evening of March
14.
11:00PM In the darkness as he retired to his
cabin at the Yellowstone Institute, Dave Mech encountered
a full-grown bison blocking his path. He gave it a wide berth
and headed in to bed.
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Day 3 - March 19, 2002
Weather - 16 degrees -- a mix of sun and clouds, intermittent
snow showers
The mournful hooting of a great horned owl greeted
the wolf watchers as they emerged from their sleeping cabins
in the pre-dawn darkness. A hearty ranch-style breakfast at
5:30 a.m. got everyone's energy up and running in spite of
the early hour. After a radio call from the field biologist
reporting strong signals from the Druid pack's alpha pair,
the group headed west to a location along the road called
Little America. Just as we were setting up spotting scopes
and scanning snow-covered hillside with binoculars, the wolves
treated us with a lupine wake-up call. A long moaning howl
like a low voltage current shivered on the cold air and hung
suspended for a moment before trailing off into silence. From
the dense cluster of trees part way up the slope came an answering
chorus of howls. In just moments we saw them, Wolf #21 and
Wolf #42, the alpha male and female of the Druids along with
two other members of the pack. After a few stretches and yawns,
the wolves set off through the timber toward the top of the
ridge.
Just as they disappeared, the radio crackled to life, and
Erin reported 11 Druid yearlings and pups at Hellroaring,
several miles farther west on the Lamar Valley Road. They
were pursuing a bull elk in the rugged, boulder-strewn valley
below the overlook. The chase ended before the group arrived,
but what followed more than made up for he fact that we missed
witnessing the chase. The young wolves alternately snoozed
and played on the broad snowfields above a cluster of tall
conifers. Elaborate tag games and wrestling matches turned
the hillside into a giant playground. And then, as if in obedience
to some signal, the wolves began to move in loose formation
across the flank of the hillside. The pace was unhurried but
steady, interspersed with more explosive sprints as two or
three youngsters broke rank for another game of chase. Since
most of the Druids are black or dark gray, the scene was reminiscent
of an Ansel Adams photograph, a poem of black and white contrast
in the pearly morning light.
This group of young wolves is the focus of intense
interest among the researchers. The parents separated from
the youngsters on March 14th, and the young wolves seem to
be developing and honing their hunting skills by trial and
error. Four of them are radio collared, and one of them, Wolf
#253, is a black 23-month-old male who still has a severe
limp from an injury to his left rear leg. He sustained the
injury in a territorial pack conflict in October of 2001 with
the Nez Perce pack. These pack conflicts appear to be a mechanism
that helps to maintain an optimal distribution of wolves in
relationship to the quantity of available prey in a given
area. Wolves scent mark their territory to advertise ownership
and may attack individual wolves or packs that infringe on
it.
 Later in the morning, the group headed east
once again to view a new kill site along the bank of the Lamar
River. Six coyotes had killed an elk a few hours earlier and were busily
feasting on the carcass while a gallery of squabbling ravens
hovered nearby. The scene was closely monitored by a bald
eagle perched high in a conifer snag. Ted Spaulding spent
several hours observing the behavior of the coyotes that approached
those already feeding on the elk. The intruding coyotes approached
with their muzzles held low, their backs contorted in an exaggerated
arch and their tails tucked between their legs. In wolves,
some of these postures such as the low tail angle would signify
submissiveness, but in coyotes, they seem to signal aggression.
(Editor's note: We hope to be able to post clearer
images from scans of photographs shot on film with telephoto
lenses when the team returns from Yellowstone.)
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Day 4 - Wednesday, March 20, 2002
Weather - 29 degrees at 6:20 a.m. Windy with drifting snow.
This extraordinary day of wolf watching began
at 6:30 a.m. near Slough Creek Flats, a few miles west of
the Buffalo Ranch. Strong radio-collar signals indicated the
Druid pack breeders, Wolf # 21 and Wolf #42, were nearby.
Although neither wolf was spotted, the wind carried the sound
of deep resonant howls followed by the higher-pitched singing
and staccato yipping of coyotes.
The riveting drama of the day began at 7:00
with a radio call from Rick McIntyre saying the group of 11
Druid yearlings (age 23 months) and pups (age 11 months) were
following a bison herd at Lower Hellroaring west of the Lamar
Valley. The group piled into the van and arrived 15 minutes
later at the roadside pullout. A scan with binoculars revealed
about 100 bison fanned out across the hillside, some alone
or in pairs, others in clusters. A quick roll check revealed
the presence of all 11 Druid youngsters. For nearly two hours,
this exuberant subset of the main pack played, dug up what
appeared to be some food, ran an elk through one of the bison
groups and tested some other elk before disappearing from
view to the west. During this time, our group of wolf watchers
also moved a few miles west to Upper Hellroaring, a lookout
from which a glorious panorama unfolds - thick conifer stands
in the creek drainage below and glistening snow- fields that
sweep to the ridge tops.
At 9:05, the wolves came back into view, a group
of them moving up the hillside to resume their predatory roles
by testing a single elk that held its ground. Nearby and just
below, a scattered herd of 35-40 bison was grazing at the
edge of a frozen kettle lake. Kettle lakes are water-filled
depressions created ancient glacial remnants. At another pond
close by and to the east, a few of the wolves scratched and
dug vigorously at the snow-covered ice, seemingly curious
about something beneath the surface. A lone bison lumbered
over to the wolves, and they then trotted off east to the
kettle lake, sniffing the ground as they went.
Minutes passed with some of the wolves still
on the hillside above, others at the kettle lake. Suddenly
Dave Mech called out, "Watch! Here they go!" An cow elk, running
west to east, hurtled down the gentle slope and bolted among
the bison with the wolves in pursuit. Suddenly two of them
were on the elk's flanks, another at its throat. It was over
in seconds. The elk went down, and the wolves converged on
their fallen prey. But the drama was far from over.
Over the next 4 hours, the bison herd converged
around the elk carcass, and the wolves were unable to feed
on it. The YNP biologists had not seen such behavior before
and will be reporting the details of this strange interaction
in a scientific journal. Suffice it to say for now that it
was not until after 1:00 p.m that the wolves managed to begin
feeding on the carcass.
Wolf #253, having traveled up into the snowfield
after the mid-lake rendezvous, circled far to the right of
the bison, still not going immediately to the kill to eat.
Eventually, however, he joined the other wolves.
During the afternoon hours between 1:30 and
3:30, the big raptors, the bald and golden eagles, soared
in to scavenge the kill. The last wolf moved away to rest
at 2:22, the others having peeled off singly or in pairs to
lie down on the hillside. According to Dave Mech, the average
wolf consumes as much as 22 pounds of meat in 18 minutes.
"Meat drunk," the wolves usually rest, sometimes rousing themselves,
as did these 11 Druids, to launch themselves at the opportunistic
coyotes. Digestion is rapid, and the wolves return repeatedly
to the carcass to consume meals or to cache food for future
use. Meanwhile, smaller carnivores, birds and insects all
have their turn at the carcass until nothing is left but scattered
bones.
At 3:30, a report came in that Wolf #42, the
breeding female, had been sighted in Crystal Creek Basin,
and it appeared the breeders had made their own kill. The
wolf watchers folded their tripods and field notebooks and
stowed scopes in backpacks as the 11 youngsters continued
to visit the carcass and rest. Dave Mech, in calling this
"an extremely unusual and never-recorded event," alluded to
the fact that over the years of intensive research, not every
behavior of either predator or prey has been observed and
documented. This is what makes field work so exciting and
rewarding despite the long hours of patient waiting. There
are no ready explanations for what played out in front of
the fortunate observers on Day 4. Perhaps that is just as
well. Some mysteries are not meant to have easy solutions
and obvious answers.
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Day 5 Thursday, March 21, 2002
Weather, 6:30 a.m. - 2 ½ degrees - Dense cloud cover, heavy
wet snow
In spite of the snow and deep cold, spring is
not far off, and with it will come the birth of Wolf #42's
pups. She has been making periodic visits to a traditional
Druid den site. Rick McIntyre noted that last year, #42 traveled
alone to the den most of the time; this year, the breeding
male, Wolf #21, always accompanies her, and sometimes one
or two other Druids travel with the breeding pair.
On this snowy morning, the wolf watchers traveled
east of the Buffalo Ranch where they could clearly see #21
and #42, her belly growing heavy with the unborn pups, heading
east on the north side of the Lamar Valley Road. Interesting
to note was the travel pattern. Wolf #21 would sometimes lead.
Then he would stop, lie down and wait for #42 to catch up.
She would not linger with him but would forge steadily on
in the direction of the den. After a few minutes, #21 would
get up and follow her.
Just after the Druid pair disappeared into a draw,
a call came in at 8:10 from one of the technicians reporting
that the "Druid Eleven," as they had come to be called, had
just taken down their third elk in the past 90 minutes. The
group's actions resembled a fire drill! Driving as fast as
they dared on the snow-covered road, the wolf watchers arrived
at Upper Hellroaring at 8:55 to discover the Eleven had made
a fourth kill! They arrived just in time to see several of
the wolves knock down the struggling elk as it attempted to
rise. Other wolves were feeding on the third kill.
Suddenly all 11 wolves headed up the snowy slope
to the ridgeline along the creek. One of the grays led a foray
into an elk herd, singled out its quarry and spearheaded a
charge down the slope and into the trees. The symmetry of
the splitting elk herd as it broke into two waves drew expressions
of awe from the watchers. It was like watching a beautifully
choreographed dance with the hillside a huge stage. Though
intent on chasing the elk, the wolves did not succeed in killing
a fifth elk. Perhaps they were not as serious as they would
have been had they not eaten in several days; perhaps they
were heavy with meat from the other kills. In any event, they
returned to the carcasses and finally made their way to the
ridgeline where they lay down to sleep.
By noon, the carcasses were providing food for
ravens, golden eagles and coyotes. One participant brought
up the subject of food requirements for wolves. Can four kills
in 2 ½ hours be described as "excessive killing?" Dave Mech
and Nancy Gibson pointed out that it takes a great deal of
meat to feed 11 wolves. The overall success rate does not
change even though the wolves kill 4 elk in a short period
of time. Human observers might perceive this as a "good day"
of hunting. However, in the overall scheme of things, a good
day must stand with other days, sometimes several in a row,
when the wolves are unsuccessful. In addition, scavengers
consume, on average, 50 percent of each carcass. The "carrion
crews," the technicians who examine the kills, use bone marrow
samples to demonstrate that most prey animals killed by wolves
are, as Dave Mech puts it, the "walking dead." Their marrow,
the last reserve of fat in the body, is depleted or the animal
may no longer be sound enough to run efficiently due to arthritis
or an unhealed injury.
The wolves slept throughout the afternoon, but
they began to stir and move about in the early evening twilight.
As the light faded and the wolf watchers packed up their gear,
the Druid Eleven mounted another chase.
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Day 6 - Friday, March 22, 2002
Weather - 9 ½ degrees, clear
At 4:45 a.m., under a canopy of bright stars,
a coyote chorus swelled in the hills behind the cabins. It
seemed a fitting beginning to the last day, a bittersweet
song to accompany the awareness that time was short. The heavy
clouds had dispersed in the night, and a silver mist layered
the valley across the road as the sun came up.
By 6:05, the group was packed in the van and
heading west to find Rick McIntyre. Rounding a curve, the
wolf watchers came upon an independent European film crew
stopped in the road. A cameraman was sprawled at the edge
filming two bison lying in the snow. The group watched with
a mixture of horror and fascination as the bull scrambled
to his feet and approached, stopping within 10 yards of the
filmmaker and his camera. The bison began exhibiting the classic
signs of stress - licking his mouth, rubbing the scent glands
on his legs, raising his tail and lifting a foot. The cameraman
was oblivious to it all. Nancy Gibson pulled up beside him
and warned him to get immediately into his vehicle. The man
reluctantly did as he was told, though it was clear he had
no inkling of the danger.
Just a little farther down the road a snowman
stood in a turnout. Someone had decorated it with food, another
clear violation of common sense and good practice around wildlife.
"Fed is dead" the cliché says, and there is tragic accuracy
in those words. Park officials and wolf recovery personnel
are concerned about the wolves living along the Lamar Valley
Road. It is wonderful they are providing so many people with
insights into their pack behavior and impressing visitors
with the power of their beauty as they hunt and sleep and
stretch and travel along the hillsides. But people need to
be responsible wildlife watchers, and the food-laden snowman
is testimony to a frightening ignorance about wildlife viewing.
The sun was brilliant on the snow as we traveled
down the road. Nancy Gibson observed that it might be a good
day for grizzlies on the south-facing slopes. Three coyotes
suddenly appeared on the left side of the road, beautiful
animals, robust and graceful.
We arrived at Upper Hellroaring just in time
to watch the Druid Eleven stir from their beds along the tree
line by the creek. After a long stretch, they trotted down
the slope where the 35 - 40 bison were grazing and began usher
in the dawn with a long "ode to joy." On the kills were golden
eagles and ravens. One of the observers counted 42 ravens
on one kill! Many of the birds were so full, it seemed they
could barely fly. At 9:00, a lone bison approached the wolves
who had settled down for another nap. This happened several
times; the wolves would bed down, and the bison would harass
them until they got up and moved farther up the slope. Several
times this bison would approach to within 6 feet of the wolves,
stretch its head out and begin a chewing motion with its mouth.
Dave Mech observed that it appeared to be vocalizing. Suddenly,
it seemed the wolves had taken enough abuse. They surrounded
the bison and began an energetic round of howling. The skirmish
ended at 9:15 when the wolves headed out of the trough and
up the hill. One gray wolf climbed up onto a rock and lay
down, its profile presented to the wolf watchers. Then it
raised its head and began to howl. Thirty yards away, the
other wolves responded. Satisfied then, they curled up or
stretched out and went to sleep.
At noon, after watching the bison and the wolves
face each other off a few more times, the wolf watchers headed
back to the Buffalo Ranch to pack. National Geographic was
in the process of interviewing Dave Mech and several others
for a sequel to the Society's recent film about the wolves
of Yellowstone. When the group arrived back at Hellroaring
around 2:00, the bison were once again harassing the wolves,
moving them from their daybeds.
At 5:15, another series of chases began. This
drama was played out on the snowy slope opposite the Hellroaring
overlook. The hillside is perhaps a mile from bottom to top
and three miles wide. On this slope the wolves made multiple
attempts to catch elk, but their efforts seemed uncoordinated,
and the elk either stood their ground or got away. Slowly
the light dimmed, and the group headed to Cooke City to spend
a final evening before leaving this magical place the following
morning.
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March 23, 2002 - Day 7: Epilogue
Dawn rose into a tight cobweb of gray clouds
over the eastern ridgeline sending a flat even light out across
the Lamar Valley. The white peaks in the west were silhouetted
against a retreating band of night sky, deep purple and withered
blue. We would have one more trip across the valley on our
way to the airport and one more chance to catch a glimpse
of this week's favored quarry.
Once again the wolves did not disappoint. Radio
signals led us to a low hill adjacent to Mother's Ridge, indicating
the alpha pair was near at hand. A long, low modulating moan
soon reinforced the signals and led our scopes up-slope to
one of the most classically picturesque scenes of the week.
On a large boulder, just under the boughs of a leaning conifer,
a large black wolf sat up, its head raised in a morning tribute
to the world spread out in the valley below. A silence fell
over our group as we paused at our tripods. Some turned away
to hide the great respect and appreciation they found welling
in their eyes and swelling in their chests. This jet black
member of the Druid pack was giving us one final image to
take home beyond the park and these wild lands, as we would
endeavor to make sense of all we had observed and tried to
understand.
So many questions to ponder and explore. As
an apex predator at the top of the food pyramid, how far reaching
is the wolves' impact on the Yellowstone ecosystem? What are
the forces that influence pack size, and the dominance hierarchy
within? What role does the experience of the alpha's play
in developing the instinctual skills of young wolves? How
do the wolves select their prey and how does the prey animal's
behavior influence the choices the wolves make? And just what
were those bison doing, protecting an elk from the jaws of
the wolves and how often does this happen? Was it a fluke?
The list goes on and on and will undoubtedly
be the basis of great speculation and years of additional
research as we strive to understand. At the International
Wolf Center we are dedicated to spreading an understanding
of wolves and their world. We see it as the key to helping
people recognize the important role wolves play in a healthy
ecosystem and hopefully, helping people retain a common interest
in keeping them there.
As the sun broke through the retreating cloud
cover the black wolf came down off the rock and settled into
what would likely be a mid-day bed beneath the trees. We took
it as a timely cue, packed up our gear and headed our separate
ways out of the park.
For information on future trips to the
Northwest Territories, contact our .
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General Information
The Wolf by L. David Mech
The Way of the Wolf by L. David Mech
The Company of Wolves by Peter Steinhart
Wolves by Nancy Gibson
Of Wolves and Men by Barry Lopez
The Return of the Wolf by Steve Grooms
Wolf by Maureen Greeley
The Wolf Almanac by Robert Busch
Neither God nor Devil by Eva-Lena Rehnmark
Wolves in Specific Geographic Areas
The Ninemile Wolves by Rick Bass
The Wolves of Isle Royale - A Broken Balance by Rolf Peterson
The Arctic Wolf - Ten Years with the Pack by L. David Mech
Wolves of the High Arctic by L. David Mech
The Timber Wolf in Wisconsin by Richard P. Thiel
The Wolves of Denali by L. David Mech et al
Wolf Country by John B. Theberge with Mary Theberge
The Return of the Wolf - Reflections on the Future of the Wolf in the Northeast by Bill McKibben, John Theberge, Kristin
DeBoer and Rick Bass
Another Country by Christopher Camuto
The Wolves of Minnesota - Howl in the Heartland by L. David Mech
Journey of the Red Wolf by Roland Smith
The New Wolves by Rick Bass
Wolves in Yellowstone
Learn more about the wolves of Yellowstone and about the
recovery effort in the northern Rockies.
A Society of Wolves - National Parks and the Battle Over the Wolf by Rick McIntyre
The Wolves of Yellowstone by Michael K. Phillips and Douglas W. Smith
Wolf Wars by Hank Fischer
The Yellowstone Wolves - The First Year by Gary Ferguson
The Return of the Wolf to Yellowstone by Thomas McNamee
Other books and educational materials are available
at the Wolf Den Store.
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