Jennifer E. Fox, Rolf O. Peterson, School of Forestry and Wood Products, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA; Tom D. Drummer, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA; Peter J. Gogan, Greater Yellowstone Field Station, U.S. Geological Survey Midcontinent Ecological Science Center, Department of Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA; Jim Schaberl, Voyageurs National Park, 3131 Highway 53, International Falls, MN 56649, USA

Annual snowmobile use in Voyageurs National Park, MN, increased from about 10,000 users in the 1980s to over 40,000 in 1996. Gray wolves continue to inhabit most portions of the park, but research in 1987-1991 indicated that wolves only rarely traveled on open ice of large lakes within the park. In contrast, at Isle Royale National Park, MI, closed to visitation in winter, wolves are commonly found on shorelines and open ice. We evaluated straight-line distances from telemetry locations of wolves to large lakes at both Voyageurs and Isle Royale, possibly revealing the spatial extent of wolf avoidance of large lakes with high snowmobile use. Less certain are the implications for foraging wolves of such avoidance behavior. This question will be addressed using fecal "stress hormones" plus renewed telemetry-based research on Voyageurs' wolves.