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Introduction
by Joel Helfrich
This special issue explores the persistent, global challenge of living with wolves. It also examines the significance of a topic that threatens wolf restoration around the world: wolf depredations on livestock and the consequent poisoning and extirpation of wolves. This issue of International Wolf covers nearly every aspect concerning the topic.
Wolves in the United States - Wolf Depredation Remains a Controversial Issue
by Tom Meier
Wolf depredation on livestock in the United States continues to be a controversial issue. Although the numbers of livestock killed are small, depredation can be a great economic hardship to individual farmers and ranchers. Wolf control and compensation programs represent a large and increasing share of the cost of wolf recovery.
Wolves in Spain - Coping with Depredation Where Wilderness Is No More
by Juan Carlos Blanco
Unlike North America, Spain has no wild, uninhabited places, and wolves cause damage to livestock throughout their range. In 1988, we calculated that the 1,500-2,000 wolves then found in Spain killed around 5,200 head of sheep and goats, some 450 cattle and about 1,200 horses per year, costing approximately $660,000.
Wolves in Romania - Wolf-Livestock Conflicts in Romania
by Christoph Promberger and Annette Mertens
The Carpathian Mountains in Romania are home to more than 3,000 wolves and some 5,500 brown bears. At the same time, more than five million sheep graze during summer on the alpine meadows within the carnivore range. Flocks are intensively protected by livestock guarding dogs and shepherds, however, there are neither subsidies nor compensation for livestock losses.
Wolves in India - Compensation Policies Complicate Wolf Depredation Conflicts
by Satish Kumar
The Indian wolf, one of the smallest wolves in the world, survives in densely populated areas in India. Wolf-human conflict is common, arising mainly due to livestock depredation. The conflict is a serious and complicated issue that cannot be resolved completely, but can be reduced by compensating farmers and shepherds for their livestock losses.
Wolves in Mongolia - Wolf Depredation in Mongolian Park is a Fact of Life
by Tungalagtuya Khuukhenduu and Bidbayasakh E.
Gobi Gurvan Saikhan National Park is one of Mongolia's 35 protected areas. In 2000 and 2001, we conducted a survey in the park to gather information about the relationship between wolves and livestock owned by the park's herding families.
Wolf Depredation Control in Minnesota
by Bill Paul
Minnesota's wolves are currently listed by the federal government as threatened, which allows authorized federal personnel to kill wolves that have killed domestic animals. Since 1986, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Wildlife Services (USDA-WS) program has been the federal agency responsible for managing wolf-livestock conflicts in Minnesota.
Non-lethal Wolf Depredation Control Methods
by Liz Harper
Wolf depredation i s aconcern wherever wolvesco-exist with livestock. Lethal methods are most oftenused in response to depredation, but several alternative methods have also been tried. These methods include the use of guard animals, electric fences, sirens and strobe lights, improved animal husbandry practices, wolf translocation, electronic training collars, sterilization, diversionary feeding, taste aversion and flagging ("fladry").
Personal Encounter
by John Baden
Here's a fundamental truth of ecological and economic systems: Not all good things go together. A neighboring rancher, an old-timer I've liked and admired for more than 30 years, called my attention to a Bozeman Chronicle article of May 26th, "Canadians consider wolf kill to save caribou."
Wolf Debate Focuses on the Use of Public Lands for Livestock Grazing
by Tom France
Wolf recovery in the Northern Rockies is one of the century's great conservation successes. Since wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone Park and Idaho in 1995, they have increased to about 600 animals. Central to this success has been a vast habitat base of publicly owned lands that have provided wolves with both the space and the prey necessary for biological success.
The Benefits of Livestock Ranching in the Rocky Mountain West
by Tom Compton
Last year, the Sierra Club developed a policy committed to eliminating livestock grazing on most federal lands. Another group, Rangenet 2000, was formed solely to remove all livestock from federal grazing permits. Should these agendas succeed, the law of unintended consequences may become fully operational.
Restoring Wildness to the West
by George Wuerthner
Livestock production, particularly on public lands, severely compromises the full recovery of wolves across the West. Wolf recovery is more than merely sustaining viable populations of wolves in a few token areas such as Yellowstone National Park. Wolves, as the top carnivore, have affected everything from the fleetness of antelope and elk to the condition of wildlife habitat.
The Value of Wild Lands for Wolf Restoration
by Nina Fascione
Federal protection of wolves and active reintroduction programs have worked to increase wolf populations in the contiguous 48 states in recent years. Achieving true long-term recovery of the gray wolf and red wolf, however, will require not just continued protection and expansion of current populations, but also active restoration to additional areas.
Wolf Management by Zoning
by Ed Bangs
Wolves are one of the most adaptable mammals on earth, but human beings are the most dominant. For wolves to
exist, we have to accept both the "good" and "bad" of having them as neighbors. Wolves can only act like wolves, so our society will determine where wolves will live by deciding how people will act towards them.
Final Comments
by Walter Medwid
The wolf success stories of Yellowstone and the western Great Lakes region have provided benefits far beyond their borders. One of those benefits is the change in a fundamental premise about how we think about wolves—no longer is the discussion about whether we will live with wolves, but rather where and how.
Center Wolves Check Out in Excellent Health
by Lori Schmidt, Wolf Curator, International Wolf Center
The ambassador wolf pack is the centerpiece of the International Wolf Center's educational facility in Ely. It is important to Center staff that we maintain the wolves in their best physical condition. To meet that goal, wolf care staff check the wolves daily for any signs of illness, injury, or ectoparasites, such as ticks.
Dinner is Served—Carnivore Style!
by Kelly Burns, International Wolf Center Intern
Does everyone in your house help out at mealtime? A whole wolf pack usually gets involved with big meals, too. Most of the time, the meal wolves eat is meat. Wolves are called carnivores, because they eat meat such as deer or moose. A predator must hunt for its food, which is called prey—so when a wolf goes out hunting, that's its way of preparing for a meal.
The Southern Rockies: Next Step in Wolf Recovery
by Mike Phillips
For years, nongovernmental conservation organizations have promoted restoring wolves to the Southern Rockies Ecoregion (SRE). Several studies lend credence to the claim that the Southern Rockies is the mother lode for wolf recovery.
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